Overview of Artificial Intelligence, AI, VAC, B.Sc., Free resources, Unit 1

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Overview of Artificial Intelligence explores how AI is transforming industries with advanced machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks. AI enhances automation, decision-making, and problem-solving in fields like healthcare, finance, and smart cities. This blog provides insights into AI’s history, evolution, and future trends, including ethical considerations and technological advancements. Discover how AI-driven systems process data, recognize patterns, and improve efficiency across multiple domains. Learn about the role of AI in robotics, education, and cybersecurity, along with its impact on daily life through smart assistants and automated decision-making. With the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence, businesses and researchers continue to push innovation forward. Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, this blog provides a comprehensive guide to understanding AI’s foundations, applications, and future developments. Stay ahead in the AI revolution and explore how artificial intelligence is shaping the world around us.

1.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that focuses on creating machines that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence. AI enables machines to think, learn, and make decisions based on data. The main goal of AI is to automate tasks, improve efficiency, and solve complex problems with minimal human intervention.

AI systems are designed to:

• Process and analyze large amounts of data.
• Recognize patterns and make predictions.
• Adapt to new situations through learning.
• Mimic human reasoning and decision-making.

Importance of AI

AI is transforming the way humans interact with technology and is used in various fields such as healthcare, finance, education, and robotics. Some key reasons why AI is important include:

• Automation – AI helps automate repetitive tasks, reducing human effort.
• Efficiency – AI-powered systems process data faster than humans.
• Accuracy – AI minimizes errors and enhances precision in applications like medical diagnosis.
• Decision Making – AI assists in making data-driven decisions.
• Innovation – AI fosters technological advancements in robotics, natural language processing, and self-driving cars.

History and Evolution of AI

AI has evolved over several decades, beginning with early theories about intelligent machines. Below is a timeline of key developments in AI:

Year	Milestone in AI Development
1950	Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test to evaluate machine intelligence.
1956	The term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined at the Dartmouth Conference.
1960s	Early AI research focused on rule-based expert systems.
1980s	Introduction of machine learning and neural networks.
1997	IBM’s Deep Blue defeated chess world champion Garry Kasparov.
2010s	Advancements in deep learning, natural language processing, and self-driving cars.
2020s	AI used in medical research, automation, and creative content generation.

Types of AI

AI is categorized based on its capabilities and functionalities:

1. Based on Capabilities

• Weak AI (Narrow AI) – Designed for specific tasks like virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa).
• Strong AI (General AI) – Machines with human-like reasoning (hypothetical).
• Super AI (Artificial Superintelligence) – AI surpassing human intelligence (theoretical).

2. Based on Functionality

• Reactive Machines – AI systems that respond to inputs without memory (e.g., IBM’s Deep Blue).
• Limited Memory AI – AI that learns from past experiences (e.g., self-driving cars).
• Theory of Mind AI – Future AI that understands emotions and social interactions.
• Self-Aware AI – Hypothetical AI with self-consciousness.

AI in Everyday Life

AI is already part of daily life, helping people in various ways:

• Virtual Assistants – Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant provide hands-free interactions.
• Smart Recommendations – AI suggests videos, music, and products based on user preferences.
• Healthcare – AI-powered tools assist in diagnosing diseases and developing treatments.
• Autonomous Vehicles – AI enables self-driving cars to navigate and avoid obstacles.
• Fraud Detection – AI helps banks identify fraudulent transactions.

Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence is a rapidly evolving field that impacts every aspect of human life. From automating simple tasks to driving scientific discoveries, AI is shaping the future of technology. As AI continues to advance, it is essential to understand its fundamentals, applications, and ethical implications.

1.2 Foundations of AI

Introduction

The foundation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is built on several key concepts that enable machines to mimic human intelligence. AI systems rely on different techniques such as symbolic AI, subsymbolic AI, and problem-solving approaches to process information and make decisions. These foundations form the basis for modern AI applications.

Symbolic AI vs. Subsymbolic AI

AI can be broadly classified into symbolic AI and subsymbolic AI, depending on how information is represented and processed.

Aspect	Symbolic AI	Subsymbolic AI
Definition	Uses predefined rules and logic to process information.	Learns patterns from data using computational models.
Approach	Based on logic and reasoning (rule-based).	Based on statistical and neural networks.
Examples	Expert Systems, Decision Trees.	Neural Networks, Deep Learning.
Advantages	Interpretable, easy to debug.	Can handle large, unstructured data.
Limitations	Struggles with complex, ambiguous data.	Requires large datasets for training.

Search Algorithms and Problem-Solving in AI

AI systems use search techniques to find solutions to problems by exploring possible paths. These techniques are categorized into uninformed (blind) search and informed (heuristic) search.

1. Uninformed Search (Blind Search)

These methods do not have prior knowledge of the goal and explore all possibilities systematically.

• Breadth-First Search (BFS): Explores all neighbors at the same depth before moving deeper.
• Depth-First Search (DFS): Explores as deep as possible before backtracking.
• Uniform Cost Search (UCS): Expands the least costly path first.

2. Informed Search (Heuristic Search)

These methods use additional information (heuristics) to guide the search toward the goal efficiently.

• Greedy Best-First Search: Selects the next node based on the lowest heuristic cost.
• A Search: Combines the actual cost to reach a node with an estimated cost to the goal.

Search Type	Strategy	Pros	Cons
BFS	Expands all neighbors first.	Guarantees shortest path.	High memory usage.
DFS	Explores deep paths first.	Uses less memory.	May not find the shortest path.
UCS	Chooses lowest-cost path.	Always optimal.	Can be slow in large graphs.
Greedy Best-First	Uses heuristics to move towards goal.	Fast in some cases.	May get stuck in local optima.
A Search	Uses both cost and heuristics.	Efficient and optimal.	Can be computationally expensive.

Expert Systems in AI

Expert systems are rule-based AI programs designed to simulate human decision-making. They contain:

1. Knowledge Base – A database of facts and rules.
2. Inference Engine – A reasoning system that applies logical rules to the knowledge base.
3. User Interface – Allows users to interact with the system.

Examples of Expert Systems:

• MYCIN – Used for medical diagnosis.
• DENDRAL – Analyzes chemical compounds.
• XCON – Configures computer systems.

Fuzzy Logic in AI

Fuzzy Logic is an AI technique that deals with uncertainty and imprecision. Unlike traditional logic (which works with true or false values), fuzzy logic allows for degrees of truth.

Traditional Logic	Fuzzy Logic
Black or White (0 or 1)	Shades of Gray (0 to 1)
Fixed rules	Flexible decision-making
Exact values	Handles uncertainty

Applications of Fuzzy Logic:

• Washing Machines – Adjusts wash cycles based on dirt level.
• Air Conditioners – Regulates temperature smoothly.
• Medical Diagnosis – Helps doctors analyze symptoms with uncertainty.

Conclusion

The foundations of AI include different approaches to knowledge representation, search algorithms, expert systems, and fuzzy logic. These fundamental concepts allow AI systems to reason, learn, and solve problems effectively. Understanding these techniques is crucial for developing intelligent applications in various domains.

1.3 Areas and Applications of AI in Various Domains

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely used in different industries to enhance efficiency, automate tasks, and improve decision-making. AI applications range from healthcare and agriculture to finance and education. This section explores key areas where AI is making a significant impact.

AI in Robotics

AI in robotics enables machines to perform tasks traditionally requiring human intelligence. Robots with AI can perceive their surroundings, process information, and make decisions.

Type of AI in Robotics	Function	Examples
Industrial Robots	Automate manufacturing tasks	Assembly line robots
Autonomous Robots	Navigate and operate without human intervention	Self-driving cars, drones
Humanoid Robots	Mimic human behavior and gestures	Sophia (AI humanoid robot)
Medical Robots	Assist in surgeries and patient care	Da Vinci Surgical Robot

Applications of AI in Robotics:

• Manufacturing – AI-powered robots improve assembly line production.
• Healthcare – AI-assisted robots perform surgeries with precision.
• Exploration – Robots explore space and deep-sea environments.

AI in Healthcare

AI is revolutionizing the medical field by enhancing diagnostics, treatment, and patient care.

AI Application	Function	Example
Medical Imaging	AI detects diseases from X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans	AI-based cancer detection
Virtual Health Assistants	AI chatbots assist patients with symptoms and queries	Babylon Health AI
Predictive Analytics	AI predicts disease outbreaks and patient risks	Google DeepMind in healthcare

Key Benefits:

• Faster and more accurate diagnosis.
• AI-powered drug discovery reduces research time.
• AI monitors patient health using wearable devices.

AI in Agriculture

AI helps optimize farming techniques to increase crop yields and reduce waste.

AI in Agriculture	Function	Example
Precision Farming	AI analyzes soil and weather data for better crop management	AI-based irrigation systems
Pest Detection	AI detects pests using image recognition	AI-powered pest control drones
Automated Harvesting	AI-driven machines harvest crops efficiently	Smart harvesters

Advantages of AI in Agriculture:

• Reduces pesticide use with accurate pest detection.
• Improves irrigation efficiency by analyzing soil moisture.
• Predicts crop yields to help farmers plan effectively.

AI in Finance

AI is transforming finance by automating tasks, detecting fraud, and optimizing investments.

AI in Finance	Function	Example
Fraud Detection	AI analyzes transaction patterns to identify fraud	AI-based credit card monitoring
Algorithmic Trading	AI predicts stock market trends using real-time data	AI-powered stock trading bots
Chatbots in Banking	AI-powered assistants help customers with banking queries	AI-driven virtual assistants

Key Benefits:

• Reduces fraud risk by detecting suspicious activities.
• Automates financial services for faster transactions.
• Improves investment decisions with AI-based predictions.

AI in Education

AI enhances learning experiences by providing personalized education and automating tasks.

AI in Education	Function	Example
Personalized Learning	AI adapts lessons based on student performance	AI-based learning platforms
Automated Grading	AI evaluates assignments and quizzes	AI-powered grading tools
Virtual Tutors	AI assists students with doubts and queries	AI chatbots for education

Advantages of AI in Education:

• Customized learning for each student.
• Instant feedback for quicker improvements.
• Automates grading to reduce workload for teachers.

AI in Smart Cities

AI contributes to making cities smarter, safer, and more efficient.

AI in Smart Cities	Function	Example
Traffic Management	AI optimizes traffic flow to reduce congestion	AI-based smart traffic lights
Energy Management	AI reduces electricity wastage	AI-powered smart grids
Public Safety	AI analyzes surveillance footage for crime prevention	AI-based security systems

Impact of AI in Smart Cities:

• Reduces traffic congestion with AI-driven navigation.
• Saves energy by optimizing power usage.
• Improves public safety through AI-based surveillance.

Conclusion

AI is revolutionizing multiple industries, making processes more efficient and intelligent. Whether in robotics, healthcare, agriculture, finance, education, or smart cities, AI continues to transform everyday life. As AI evolves, its applications will continue to expand, bringing even more benefits to society.

1.4 AI in India

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various sectors in India, from healthcare and agriculture to education and governance. With the government’s push towards digital transformation, AI is playing a crucial role in economic growth and innovation. Several national initiatives, startups, and research projects are contributing to the AI revolution in India.

AI Policies and Government Initiatives in India

The Government of India has introduced several policies and initiatives to promote AI research, development, and adoption.

Initiative	Description	Launched By
National AI Strategy (AI for All)	Aims to integrate AI in various sectors to boost economic growth.	NITI Aayog
National AI Portal (INDIAai)	A centralized platform for AI-related resources, news, and research.	Ministry of Electronics & IT
Responsible AI for Youth	Encourages AI education among students in schools.	Ministry of Electronics & IT
AI Research Institutes	Establishment of AI research centers and universities.	Various IITs & Research Labs
AI in Governance	AI is being used for digital records, face recognition, and data management in government services.	State and Central Governments

AI Startups and Research in India

India is home to over 3,000 AI startups focusing on healthcare, finance, automation, and education.

Top AI Startups in India

• Niramai – AI-powered breast cancer detection.
• CropIn – AI-driven agricultural monitoring.
• SigTuple – AI-based medical diagnostics.
• Arya.ai – AI research and deep learning applications.
• Mad Street Den – AI-powered retail analytics.

Indian Research Organizations Working on AI:

• Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI)
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
• Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR)
• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

These institutions are working on AI for healthcare, security, space research, and defense applications.

AI’s Role in India’s Economic Growth

AI is expected to contribute $500 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 by improving efficiency across industries.

Sector	Impact of AI	Example
Healthcare	AI improves medical diagnosis and patient care.	AI-based telemedicine
Agriculture	AI-driven monitoring improves crop yields.	AI-powered irrigation
Finance	AI automates trading and fraud detection.	AI-driven stock predictions
Education	AI enables personalized learning experiences.	AI-powered tutoring platforms
Manufacturing	AI-powered automation enhances productivity.	Smart factories with AI robotics

Challenges in AI Adoption in India

Despite rapid growth, India faces challenges in AI adoption that need to be addressed.

Challenges	Description
Lack of AI Infrastructure	Need for high-performance computing resources.
Skill Gap in AI	Shortage of AI-trained professionals.
Ethical Concerns	AI bias, privacy issues, and data security.
Limited AI Research	Need for more funding in AI research and development.

To overcome these challenges, India is investing in AI training programs, research centers, and international collaborations.

Future of AI in India

India is taking major steps to become a global leader in AI. With increasing investment in AI-powered solutions, the future of AI in India looks promising.

Key Trends for the Future:

• Expansion of AI-driven automation in industries.
• AI in governance for digital transformation.
• AI-powered smart cities to improve urban infrastructure.
• More AI research collaborations with international universities.

Conclusion

AI is set to revolutionize India’s economy by driving innovation in healthcare, education, governance, and agriculture. With strong government initiatives, a growing startup ecosystem, and research advancements, India is on its way to becoming a global AI hub.

1.5 Impact and Examples of AI

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries, businesses, and daily life. From automation and smart assistants to healthcare and education, AI is enhancing efficiency and improving decision-making. This section explores the impact of AI across various sectors and provides real-world examples of AI applications.

Impact of AI on Different Sectors

AI has revolutionized various fields by automating tasks, increasing efficiency, and improving accuracy.

Sector	Impact of AI	Examples
Healthcare	AI helps in disease diagnosis and drug discovery.	AI-powered medical imaging, virtual doctors
Education	Personalized learning and automated grading.	AI-based tutoring, smart classrooms
Finance	AI detects fraud and manages stock trading.	Fraud detection, AI-powered investment tools
Manufacturing	AI automates production and reduces errors.	AI-powered robotics, smart factories
Agriculture	AI optimizes irrigation and crop monitoring.	AI-driven pest control, smart irrigation
Retail	AI enhances customer experience and inventory management.	AI-powered recommendation engines
Security	AI detects threats and prevents cyberattacks.	AI-based cybersecurity, facial recognition

AI has a far-reaching impact, reducing human effort, minimizing errors, and improving efficiency in various industries.

Examples of AI in Daily Life

AI is already present in everyday applications that people use regularly.

1. Virtual Assistants

• AI-powered assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant respond to voice commands.
• They help in setting reminders, playing music, controlling smart devices, and more.

2. AI in Social Media

• Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter use AI to analyze user behavior and recommend content.
• AI helps detect spam, fake news, and inappropriate content.

3. AI in Online Shopping

• Amazon and Flipkart use AI for product recommendations based on browsing history.
• AI-powered chatbots provide customer support 24/7.

4. AI in Self-Driving Cars

• Companies like Tesla and Waymo use AI for autonomous driving.
• AI helps in real-time navigation, traffic prediction, and obstacle detection.

5. AI in Healthcare

• IBM Watson assists doctors in diagnosing diseases.
• AI-based tools predict cancer, diabetes, and heart disease based on medical reports.

AI in Smart Cities

AI is enhancing urban development by optimizing resources and improving public safety.

AI Application	Function	Example
Smart Traffic Management	AI regulates traffic flow and reduces congestion.	AI-powered traffic lights
Energy Optimization	AI manages power distribution efficiently.	AI-driven smart grids
Public Safety	AI enhances surveillance and threat detection.	AI-based facial recognition

AI in smart cities reduces traffic, lowers energy consumption, and improves security.

Ethical and Social Impact of AI

While AI has many advantages, it also raises ethical concerns.

Concern	Impact
Job Displacement	AI-driven automation may replace human jobs.
Bias in AI	AI models can inherit biases from training data.
Privacy Issues	AI-powered surveillance raises data privacy concerns.
AI in Warfare	AI-powered weapons pose security risks.

Governments and researchers are working on ethical AI regulations to ensure fairness and transparency.

Conclusion

AI is transforming industries and daily life by improving efficiency, decision-making, and automation. However, ethical challenges must be addressed to ensure responsible AI development. As AI technology advances, its impact will continue to grow across various sectors.

1.6 Future of AI

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is constantly evolving and will play a significant role in shaping the future. With advancements in machine learning, robotics, automation, and deep learning, AI is expected to revolutionize industries and daily life. The future of AI is focused on enhanced intelligence, better decision-making, and ethical AI development.

Key Trends in AI

Several emerging trends indicate the direction in which AI is heading.

Trend	Description
Explainable AI (XAI)	AI models that provide clear explanations for decisions.
Federated Learning	AI training across multiple devices without sharing data.
AI in Space Exploration	AI assists in analyzing space data and autonomous navigation of rovers.
AI for Climate Change	AI helps predict climate patterns and manage natural disasters.
Human-AI Collaboration	AI will enhance human decision-making rather than replacing humans.

These trends will make AI more powerful, ethical, and transparent.

AI in Emerging Technologies

AI is expected to merge with other technologies to create innovative solutions.

Technology	AI’s Role	Example
5G & AI	Faster data processing for real-time AI applications.	Smart cities, autonomous vehicles
Quantum Computing	AI will leverage quantum computing for complex problem-solving.	Drug discovery, cryptography
Augmented Reality (AR) & AI	AI enhances AR experiences in gaming and training.	AI-powered virtual reality
Blockchain & AI	AI ensures secure and decentralized transactions.	AI-driven cybersecurity

The integration of AI with other technologies will drive future innovations.

AI in Healthcare

AI will play a crucial role in the future of medicine and healthcare.

Future AI Application	Impact
AI-based genetic research	Personalized medicine based on genetic data.
AI-powered robotic surgeries	More precise, minimally invasive surgeries.
AI-driven mental health support	AI chatbots for therapy and emotional support.

AI will revolutionize healthcare, making treatments faster, cheaper, and more effective.

AI in Smart Cities

Future smart cities will heavily depend on AI for efficiency and automation.

AI System	Function
AI Traffic Control	Reduces congestion and optimizes routes.
Smart Energy Management	AI adjusts electricity usage based on demand.
AI-Powered Security	Enhances surveillance and threat detection.

AI will help build smart, sustainable, and safer cities.

Ethical AI and Challenges

Despite its potential, AI faces several challenges and ethical concerns.

Challenge	Impact
Bias in AI Models	AI decisions may favor specific groups unfairly.
AI-Driven Unemployment	AI may replace human jobs, requiring workforce adaptation.
AI & Data Privacy	AI raises concerns about user data security and privacy.
AI in Autonomous Weapons	Ethical concerns over AI-powered warfare.

To address these challenges, governments and AI researchers are focusing on ethical AI regulations and responsible AI development.

Future of AI in India

India is actively investing in AI-driven solutions to boost the economy and improve public services.

AI Initiative	Goal
AI for Healthcare	AI-powered medical diagnostics and telemedicine.
AI for Agriculture	AI-driven farming techniques and crop monitoring.
AI for Digital Governance	AI-based automated services in government operations.

India’s AI future will focus on economic growth, job creation, and technological leadership.

Conclusion

The future of AI is filled with possibilities. With advancements in explainable AI, quantum computing, healthcare, and smart cities, AI will continue to transform the world. However, ethical considerations and responsible development will be crucial in ensuring that AI benefits all of humanity.

---

For more content click here.

AI Hands-on Activities for Students (Mobile-Friendly, Chhattisgarh-Oriented)

These five simple hands-on activities will help students explore AI concepts using their mobile devices. Each activity is easy to perform and connected to real-life applications in Chhattisgarh.

---

AI-Powered Voice Assistant Exploration

Objective

Learn how AI-powered virtual assistants work.

Steps

Step 1: Open an AI Assistant

Activate Google Assistant, Siri, or Alexa on your mobile phone.

Step 2: Ask AI Questions

Ask questions like:

• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Who is the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh?
• Tell me a fact about Chhattisgarh?

Step 3: Observe AI Responses

Notice how AI processes voice commands and provides responses.

Step 4: Test Regional Language Understanding

Try using the assistant in Hindi or a local Chhattisgarhi phrase.

Step 5: Analyze AI Performance

Write down how AI responds differently based on language, accent, and phrasing.

---

AI in Social Media: Smart Recommendations

Objective

Understand how AI personalizes content on social media platforms.

Steps

Step 1: Open a Social Media App

Launch YouTube, Instagram, or Facebook.

Step 2: Analyze AI Recommendations

Go to the “Suggested” or “For You” section and note down the type of content AI suggests.

Step 3: Change Your Search Pattern

Search for “Tourist Places in Chhattisgarh” or “Chhattisgarhi Folk Songs” and observe how recommendations change.

Step 4: Compare Before and After

Discuss how AI tracks preferences and adapts recommendations based on user behavior.

Step 5: Summarize Findings

Write a short paragraph on how AI personalizes social media experiences.

---

AI-Powered Language Translation

Objective

Explore how AI translates languages, including Chhattisgarhi.

Steps

Step 1: Open Google Translate

Launch Google Translate on your mobile.

Step 2: Enter a Chhattisgarhi Phrase

Select English to Hindi and type a common phrase like:

• “Mor naam Ram hai” (My name is Ram).

Step 3: Check AI Translation Accuracy

Analyze if AI correctly translates the phrase.

Step 4: Test Voice Input

Speak in Chhattisgarhi to check AI’s understanding of regional accents.

Step 5: Record Observations

Note where AI translation is accurate and where it makes mistakes.

---

AI-Based Object Recognition Using Google Lens

Objective

Explore how AI recognizes real-world objects.

Steps

Step 1: Open Google Lens

Use Google Lens in the Google Search app.

Step 2: Capture an Object Image

Point your phone’s camera at an object related to Chhattisgarh, such as:

• A famous handicraft
• A local food item
• A historical site

Step 3: Let AI Analyze the Object

Read the AI-generated description.

Step 4: Verify the Information

Check if AI correctly identifies the object and provides relevant details.

Step 5: Compare Multiple Objects

Try scanning rice grains (a staple food in Chhattisgarh) and a local handicraft like Bell Metal Art from Bastar.

---

AI for Weather Prediction and Smart Cities

Objective

Use AI-powered weather apps to analyze climate trends in Chhattisgarh.

Steps

Step 1: Open a Weather App

Use Google Weather, AccuWeather, or any weather forecasting app.

Step 2: Check the Forecast

Search for the current weather in Raipur, Bilaspur, or your hometown.

Step 3: Analyze Weather Data

Note the temperature, humidity, and rainfall prediction for the next week.

Step 4: Compare Predictions with Reality

Check the forecast after a few days to see how accurate the AI predictions were.

Step 5: Relate to Agriculture

Discuss how AI helps farmers in Chhattisgarh by improving weather prediction for crop management.

---

Conclusion

These activities help students experience AI firsthand using their mobile phones while connecting it to real-world applications in Chhattisgarh. They encourage critical thinking, observation, and discussion about AI’s role in daily life.

Viva-Voce Questions

What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that enables machines to perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence.

Why is AI important?
AI improves automation, efficiency, accuracy, decision-making, and fosters technological innovation.

Who proposed the Turing Test?
Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test in 1950 to evaluate machine intelligence.

When was the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ first coined?
The term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ was first coined in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference.

What are the three types of AI based on capabilities?
The three types are Weak AI (Narrow AI), Strong AI (General AI), and Super AI (Artificial Superintelligence).

What are the four types of AI based on functionality?
The four types are Reactive Machines, Limited Memory AI, Theory of Mind AI, and Self-Aware AI.

Give an example of Reactive AI.
IBM’s Deep Blue, which played chess against humans, is an example of Reactive AI.

What is the role of AI in healthcare?
AI assists in medical imaging, virtual health assistants, and predictive analytics for disease outbreaks.

How is AI used in smart cities?
AI optimizes traffic management, energy consumption, and enhances public safety through surveillance systems.

Name an AI-powered virtual assistant.
Popular AI-powered virtual assistants include Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant.

What is the main limitation of Symbolic AI?
Symbolic AI struggles with ambiguous and complex data processing.

What is Subsymbolic AI based on?
Subsymbolic AI is based on computational models like neural networks and deep learning.

What is the purpose of expert systems?
Expert systems simulate human decision-making using a knowledge base and an inference engine.

Give an example of an expert system.
MYCIN is an AI-based medical expert system used for diagnosing bacterial infections.

What is the difference between BFS and DFS search algorithms?
BFS explores all neighbors at the same depth first, whereas DFS explores deep paths before backtracking.

What is the advantage of A search?*
A search combines actual and estimated costs, making it efficient and optimal for problem-solving.*

How does AI impact agriculture?
AI helps in precision farming, pest detection, and automated irrigation to improve crop yield.

What is Fuzzy Logic used for?
Fuzzy Logic is used to handle uncertainty in applications like washing machines, air conditioners, and medical diagnosis.

What are the challenges of AI adoption in India?
Challenges include lack of infrastructure, skill gaps, ethical concerns, and limited research funding.

How is AI contributing to India’s economic growth?
AI is expected to contribute $500 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 by improving efficiency across multiple sectors